Brain fluid ion concentration modification for treating neurological disorders

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy and other neurological disorders that are affected by the electrical potential difference between intracellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid and therefore the cell membrane potentials, and therefore the thresholds for the communication between brain cells can be controlled by re-circulating extra-cellular brain fluid after the fluid has been treated to alter its ion concentrations. A computer-controlled pump can precisely control the extraction and delivery of brain fluid after the ion concentration of the fluid is appropriately adjusted, e.g. guided by the Goldmann equation. Well-known techniques for modifying ion concentrations can be used to raise or lower ion concentrations as needed.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/561,550 filed Apr. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,500, issued Sep. 10, 2002, which application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods of treating medical disorders. In particular, this invention relates to a method of treating the cause of epilepsy, which is rooted in the basic concepts described by the Goldman equation. This equation describes the relation between the cell rest membrane potential and the concentration of ions inside and outside the cells in e.g nervous and muscle tissue. This implies that cell excitability can be modified and therefore the physiological inter-connectivity between cells. This interconnectivity is a major factor in the generation of e.g. epilepsy. The key concept of this invention is that if cell rest membrane electrical potentials are modified, epilepsy, and perhaps other neurological disorders might be effectively controlled.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder. Functional control of many or all body functions can be lost and further permanent brain damage results from each generalized epileptic attack.

It is known that an epileptic seizure is manifested by an uncontrolled propagation of nerve impulses throughout the nerve cells in certain, areas of the brain. The nerve impulses of an epileptic seizure are characterized by many synchronized discharges, which may involve the whole brain. As a consequence the control of many body functions is lost. During epileptic seizures, the normal physiological interconnectivity between brain cells is greatly altered, resulting in a synchronized highly pathological brain activity.

It is well known that the normal, electrical, rest membrane potential difference between intra-cellular fluid (fluid enclosed by the cell membrane) of brain cells and the extra-cellular brain fluid (fluid outside the membrane) is about −0.07 volts (−70 millivolts or mV.) The intra-cellular brain fluid is at a more negative potential than the extra-cellular fluid potential. If this potential becomes more negative (cells are hyper-polarized), the likelihood of an epileptic seizure is decreased. In the field of biophysics, the well known Goldmann equation describes how the membrane potential depends on the concentrations of ions in the intra- or extra-cellular medium. Consequently this equation describes how changes in the extra-cellular ion concentrations will result in a hyper-polarization of brain cells which will result in suppression of epileptic seizures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating epilepsy whereby seizures can be suppressed or prevented by using extra-cellular fluid (in the central nervous system, cerebral spinal fluid or “CSF”) that is extracted from the brain, e.g from one of the brain ventricles. The extracted brain fluid is treated to change the concentration of ions in the fluid in such a way that cells surrounded by this modified fluid will be hyper-or hypo-polarized which is quantitatively predicted by the Goldmann equation. The ion-adjusted fluid is re-injected into the brain into a specific brain structure, which may contain the brain cells that generate the epileptic seizure (hyper-polarization needed) or in a brain structure that modulates the epileptic region (hyper-polarization needed for suppressing structures and hypo-polarization needed for activating structures). The increased negative potential difference (hyper-polarization) between the intra and extra-cellular fluid in the epilepsy-generating brain structure increases the potential difference that the nerve cells must overcome to be involved in the generation of an epileptic seizure. In effect, the invention includes modulating the interconnectivity of nerve cells by modulating the rest membrane electrical potential.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the steps of the method contemplated herein.

FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that could perform the method disclosed and claimed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 shows a simplified schematic block diagram for a mechanical system for treating epilepsy and other neurological disorders by modifying ion concentration in brain fluid. In FIG. 1, fluid from a patient's brain 10 (the fluid is not shown) is extracted from the brain (preferably from 1 of the brain ventricles) 10, by a pump 14. Extra-cellular fluid can be extracted by exerting a relatively negative pressure on a small-diameter flexible conduit (i.e. a catheter or capillary tube 12) one end of which is coupled to the pump and which provides the negative pressure. The other end of the flexible conduit is inserted into the brain ventricle. Extra-cellular brain fluid is drawn through an appropriately-sized capillary tube or catheter 12 to the pump 14, which in the preferred embodiment was a positive displacement computer-controlled pump 14.

In the preferred embodiment, the pump 14 (which may be computer controlled) reads and executes stored program instructions that cause the pump to pump the extracted fluid according to the program and its parameters. In many applications, ion-adjusted fluid will be pumped in an “open loop” fashion, i.e. according to some predetermined schedule in the pump's stored program. Open-loop delivery methods can be based upon either the volume of modified extra-cellular brain fluid to be delivered per unit time or some other parameter.

The pump 14 forces extracted extra-cellular brain fluid through an ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16. Ion concentrations in the extracted brain fluid are modified in the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16. The ion concentration of the fluid can be adjusted by methodologies well known in the art including, but not limited to, appropriate ion exchange mechanisms; filtration, or chemical treatment. The ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 changes the ion concentration in brain fluid such that when the fluid is returned to the brain, the brain fluid ion concentration, at least in localized regions, is modified. Output from the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16 is returned to the brain 10 through an appropriately sized capillary tube or catheter 18.

Procedural steps of the method 200 of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 2. CSF or extra-cellular brain fluid is extracted 210 and the ion-concentration of the fluid is adjusted 220 using an appropriate methodology. Some techniques for modifying ion concentration would include filtering or various chemical treatment processes. After the ion concentration is adjusted, the modified ion-content fluid is re-injected into the patient's brain 230.

At some point in the process, the flow rate of brain fluid from and/or into the patient's brain is measured 240. While this step is shown in FIG. 2 as being after re-injection of the brain fluid 230, alternate methodologies would certainly include deleting this step in its entirety and simply letting the pump run “open loop” doing whatever the program instructions dictate. Still other embodiments would include calculating or measuring the extracted fluid 210 volume as well as the delivered fluid volume. Inasmuch as brain fluid is incompressible, both the extracted and re-injected or delivered fluid volumes should be equivalent, except for any fluid lost during the ion-concentration adjustment.

Still other embodiments might measure the ion concentration in the brain fluid and, depending upon the measured ion concentration, adjust the fluid delivery rate or the ion-concentration adjustment, or both. In an optimum system, a closed-loop feedback system would include a system that measures ion concentration (or other electrical characteristic) and uses this information to control fluid extraction, delivery or ion content so as to achieve the optimum electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of brain cells, imbalances of which might cause epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Various embodiments of the invention include localized delivery of ion-modulated brain fluid as well as dispersed delivery mechanism, such as a leaky catheter. By replacing the brain fluid at a modified ion concentration, it is possible to change the electrical potential difference between intra-cellular and extra-cellular brain fluid.

In the preferred embodiment, changing the electrical potential difference across the nerve cell membrane in the epilepsy generating brain structure can significantly affect the occurrence of epileptic seizures. Once a diagnosis of epilepsy is first made or the disease is established, changing the ion concentration in the extra-cellular fluid to increase the potential difference from −70 millivolts to −80 or more millivolts will locally hyper-polarize the brain cells and therefore, can substantially inhibit seizures.

In one of the alternate embodiments, an electrical probe 20 inserted into a localized region of the brain 10 might be read by the computer that controls the pump 14 so as to provide closed-loop feedback so as to even more closely control ion concentrations and therefore more closely control epileptic seizures. A probe inserted into the brain fluid in the brain might measure the ion concentration by the conductivity or resistance of the fluid. In such an embodiment, it is preferable to measure ion concentration after the ion-adjusted fluid has been returned to the patient's brain. The modified resulting membrane potential can be calculated using the well-known Goldman equation. In another alternate embodiment, ion concentrations of extra-cellular fluid might be adjusted according to measured electrical activity of nerve cells in specific brain structures involved in the generation of the epileptic seizures. In such an embodiment, the electrical activity of brain cells, can be continuously adjusted by injecting more or less modified brain fluid in such a way to avoid seizures. Such a closed-loop system could be used to carefully control, in real time, the rate at which ion adjusted fluid is delivered to the brain or to change the ion concentration changes effected by the ion concentration adjustment mechanism 16. A control signal 22 from the computer-controlled pump 14 might be used to change the ion concentration in fluid that is output to the brain 10. In yet another embodiment, it might be possible to alter electrical potential differences across cell membranes simply by adding or administering a predetermined liquid or other substance to brain fluid so as to change the electrical potential across brain cells.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that changing the ion concentration of extra-cellular brain fluid could have other beneficial effects in the treatment of other neurological disorders by adjusting the degree of communication between brain cells. This degree of communication depends on the level of the membrane potential. Hyper-polarized or inhibited cells increase the threshold for cell communication, while hypo-polarized or excited cells decrease the threshold for cell communication. In instances where neurological disorders can be controlled by modulating the communication between brain cells the invention would find the applicability in treating these other disorders. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for controlling epileptic seizures comprising: a brain fluid pumping mechanism having an input adapted to be coupled to a patient's brain for extracting brain fluid, and an output; a fluid ion adjustment mechanism for adjusting ion-concentration of fluid, the fluid ion adjustment mechanism being coupled to the output of the brain fluid pumping mechanism, the fluid ion adjustment mechanism having an output from which ion-adjusted fluid is produced; a catheter having an input coupled to the output of the ion adjustment mechanism and having an output adapted to be inserted into a predetermined region of a patient's brain whereby ion-adjusted fluid can be re-injected into the brain.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the output of the catheter includes means for returning modulated ion-content fluid into the patient's brain into at least one localized region of the patient's brain.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the brain fluid pumping mechanism includes means for pumping the modulated ion-content fluid into the patient's brain according to a predetermined schedule of flow rate.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the output of the catheter comprises means for returning modulated ion-content fluid into the patient's brain into a general region of the patient's brain.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for measuring ion concentration in the brain fluid after the modulated ion-content fluid is returned to the patient's brain; the brain fluid pumping mechanism or fluid ion adjustment mechanism including means for adjusting the delivery of the modulated ion-content fluid, based upon the measured ion concentration.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: means for calculating ion concentration in the brain fluid using the Goldman equation; the brain fluid pumping mechanism or fluid ion adjustment mechanism including means for adjusting the delivery of the modulated ion-content fluid based upon the calculated ion concentration.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for measuring the electrical conductivity of the brain fluid after the modulated ion-content fluid is returned to the patient's brain; the brain fluid pumping mechanism or fluid ion adjustment mechanism including means for adjusting the delivery of the modulated ion-content fluid, based upon the measured electrical conductivity of the brain fluid.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the means for measuring the electrical conductivity of the brain fluid after the modulated ion-content fluid is returned to the patient's brain comprises an electrical probe configured and adapted for insertion into brain fluid to measure conductivity or resistance of brain fluid.
 9. The apparatus of any of claims 7 further comprises means for calculating the ion adjusted fluid using the Goldman equation.
 10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the ion fluid adjustment mechanism is adapted such that the modulated ion-content fluid returned to the brain produces a voltage differential between intra-cellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid that is modified to such a level that epileptic seizures are controlled.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising closed-loop feedback means for delivery of the modulated ion-content fluid to the patient's brain.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for measuring electrical activity of predetermined most likely epileptic brain cells, the brain fluid pumping mechanism or ion fluid ion adjustment mechanism including means for adjusting the delivery of modulated ion-content fluid based upon measured electrical activity of predetermined most likely epileptic brain cells.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the catheter comprises a dispersed delivery system for returning the modulated ion-content fluid to the brain using a dispersed delivery system.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the catheter is configured and adapted to return the modulated ion-content fluid to the brain ventricle.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the brain fluid pumping mechanism comprises computer-controlled pump.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the catheter is configured and adapted to return the modulated ion-content fluid to the brain at a predetermined location by direct injection into a localized region.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1 which the fluid ion adjustment mechanism includes an ion exchange mechanism to adjust fluid ion concentration.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 in which the ion exchange mechanism comprises means for filtering fluid to adjust fluid ion concentration.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17 in which the ion exchange mechanism comprises chemical means for treating fluid to adjust ion concentration.
 20. Apparatus for treating epilepsy and other neurological disorders of the brain comprising: means for substantially continuously extracting fluid from the brain of the patient; means for modifying ion concentrations of the fluid to render modulated ion-content fluid using a predetermined process; means for substantially continuously pumping the modulated ion-content fluid back into a localized region of the patient's brain; means for monitoring the ion concentration of brain fluid proximate to the region where the modulated ion-content fluid is returned to the patient's brain.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20 further comprising means for diagnosing an epileptic condition in a patient. 